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For high-precision spectroscopy and structural studies of molecules, short light flashes with lowest possible wavelength, i.e., high photon energy, are required. Currently, x-ray flashes of some attosecond (10^–18 s) duration are accessible experimentally. Even shorter pulses with even higher photon energy would improve the temporal and spatial resolution, or would allow for the investigation of even smaller structures, such as for example atomic nuclei. In so-called pump-probe experiments, two light pulses of exactly controllable distance are utilised to observe rapid system changes in slow motion.

Read more: The shortest flashes from ultra-hot matter

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Scientists at Queen’s University Belfast are developing a Raman spectroscopy-based sensor to detect chemical agents and illegal drugs which will help in the fight against the threat of terrorist attacks. Special gel pads will be used to “swipe” an individual or crime scene to gather a sample which is then analysed by the Raman instrument that can detect the presence of chemicals within seconds. This will allow better, faster decisions to be made in response to terrorist threats.

Read more: Raman for chemical weapons detection